N690 (specifically Böhler N690) is a high-end conventional stainless steel produced by the Austrian company Böhler-Uddeholm.
While it is not a powder metallurgy steel, it is often called a "super-refined" version of 440C. It is the most popular steel used by European knife manufacturers due to its excellent balance and reliability.
Key Characteristics
Cobalt Enhancement: The defining feature of N690 is the addition of Cobalt. Cobalt strengthens the steel's structure, allowing it to reach a higher hardness (58–60 HRC) and making the edge more stable and resistant to rolling.
Superior Corrosion Resistance: With 17% Chromium, it is highly resistant to rust, salt water, and food acids. It is an excellent choice for maritime use or professional kitchen environments.
Great Sharpness: It has a very fine grain structure for a conventional steel, allowing it to take a very keen, "sticky-sharp" edge.
Ease of Maintenance: It is very user-friendly. It is easier to sharpen than powder steels like S30V or M390, yet it holds its edge significantly longer than budget steels like 8Cr13MoV.
Chemical Composition
Carbon (C): 1.07% (For high hardness and edge retention)
Chromium (Cr): 17.00% (For elite rust resistance)
Cobalt (Co): 1.50% (The "secret sauce" for edge stability and strength)
Molybdenum (Mo): 1.10%
Vanadium (V): 0.10%
Common Applications
European Tactical Knives: It is the signature steel for the Italian brand Extrema Ratio and is used extensively by Fox Knives and Böker.
High-End EDC Folders: Used by Spyderco for many of their Italian-made models (like the Pingo and Squeak) and by Benchmade in some specialized lines.
Outdoor & Diving Knives: Because it can handle harsh environments without rusting while maintaining a working edge.
Summary: N690 vs. VG-10
These two are the biggest rivals in the mid-to-high-end market:
N690 is generally considered slightly more corrosion resistant and tougher.
VG-10 (the Japanese equivalent) is often considered to have slightly better pure edge retention.
Would you like to explore N690's "big brother," M390, which is also made by Böhler but uses the more advanced powder metallurgy process?